Nictiz FHIR NL STU3 Zib2017
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Resource Profile: Vital Signs Profile NL - Detailed Descriptions

Active as of 2024-04-09

Definitions for the zib-VitalSigns resource profile.

Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

0. Observation
Definition

The FHIR Vitals Signs profile sets a minimum expectations for the Observation Resource to record, search and fetch the vital signs associated with a patient.

ShortFHIR Vital Signs Profile
Alternate NamesFHIR Vital Signs profiel
Invariantsvs-2: If there is no component or related element then either a value[x] or a data absent reason must be present ((component.empty() and related.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason or value))
2. Observation.status
Must Supporttrue
4. Observation.category
Control1..?
This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-4
Must Supporttrue
Invariantsvs-4: Must have a category of 'vital-signs' and a code system 'http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' (where(coding.system='http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' and coding.code='vital-signs').exists())
6. Observation.code
Definition

Coded Responses from C-CDA Vital Sign Results.

ShortCoded Responses from Vital Signs Results
BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs
(extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

This identifies the vital sign result type.

Must Supporttrue
Requirements
  1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] code, where the @code SHOULD be selected from ValueSet HITSP Vital Sign Result Type 2.16.840.1.113883.3.88.12.80.62 DYNAMIC (CONF:7301).
Alternate NamesGecodeerde antwoorden uit Vital Signs resultaten
8. Observation.subject
Control1..?
TypeReference(nl-core-patient)
Must Supporttrue
10. Observation.context
TypeReference(nl-core-episodeofcare, HCIM Encounter, gp-Encounter)
12. Observation.effective[x]
Definition

Often just a dateTime for Vital Signs.

ShortOften just a dateTime for Vital Signs
Control1..?
[x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
Must Supporttrue
Alternate NamesMeestal slechts een datum/tijd voor Vital Signs
14. Observation.performer
Control1..?
TypeReference(nl-core-practitioner, nl-core-organization, nl-core-relatedperson, nl-core-patient)
Must Supporttrue
Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
16. Observation.performer.extension
SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
  • value @ url
  • 18. Observation.performer.extension:practitionerRole
    Slice NamepractitionerRole
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(PractitionerRole Reference) (Extension Type: Reference)
    20. Observation.valueQuantity:valueQuantity
    Slice NamevalueQuantity
    Definition

    Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.

    ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUM
    BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs Units
    (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/ucum-vitals-common)

    Common UCUM units for recording Vital Signs

    TypeQuantity
    Must Supporttrue
    Requirements
    1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
    Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde, vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
    22. Observation.valueQuantity:valueQuantity.value
    Control1..?
    Must Supporttrue
    24. Observation.valueQuantity:valueQuantity.unit
    Control1..?
    Must Supporttrue
    26. Observation.valueQuantity:valueQuantity.system
    Control1..?
    Must Supporttrue
    Fixed Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
    28. Observation.valueQuantity:valueQuantity.code
    Definition

    Coded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.

    ShortCoded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.
    Control1..?
    Must Supporttrue
    Alternate NamesGecodeerde antwoorden van de algemene UCUM-eenheden voor vital signs waardelijst.
    30. Observation.dataAbsentReason
    Must Supporttrue
    32. Observation.device
    TypeReference(HCIM MedicalDevice Product)
    34. Observation.related
    Definition

    Used when reporting vital signs panel components.

    ShortUsed when reporting vital signs panel components
    Must Supporttrue
    Alternate NamesGebruikt bij het rapporteren van vital signs panelcomponenten.
    36. Observation.related.type
    Control1..?
    Must Supporttrue
    Fixed Valuehas-member
    38. Observation.related.target
    TypeReference(VitalSigns Profile NL)
    Must Supporttrue
    40. Observation.component
    Must Supporttrue
    Invariantsvs-3: If there is no a value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
    42. Observation.component.code
    BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs
    (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

    This identifies the vital sign result type.

    Must Supporttrue
    44. Observation.component.value[x]
    Definition

    Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.

    ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUM
    [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
    Must Supporttrue
    Requirements
    1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
    Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
    46. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
    Must Supporttrue

    Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

    0. Observation
    Definition

    The FHIR Vitals Signs profile sets a minimum expectations for the Observation Resource to record, search and fetch the vital signs associated with a patient.


    Measurements and simple assertions made about a patient, device or other subject.

    ShortFHIR Vital Signs ProfileMeasurements and simple assertions
    Comments

    Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as lab reports, etc.

    Control0..*
    Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests, FHIR Vital Signs profiel
    Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
    dom-1: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain any narrative (contained.text.empty())
    dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
    dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource (contained.where(('#'+id in %resource.descendants().reference).not()).empty())
    obs-7: If code is the same as a component code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where( (coding.code = %resource.code.coding.code) and (coding.system = %resource.code.coding.system)).empty())
    obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
    vs-2: If there is no component or related element then either a value[x] or a data absent reason must be present ((component.empty() and related.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason or value))
    dom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
    dom-1: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain any narrative (contained.text.empty())
    dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
    dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource (contained.where(('#'+id in %resource.descendants().reference).not()).empty())
    obs-7: If code is the same as a component code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where( (coding.code = %resource.code.coding.code) and (coding.system = %resource.code.coding.system)).empty())
    obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
    2. Observation.implicitRules
    Definition

    A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content.

    ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
    Comments

    Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element.

    This element is labelled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation.

    Control0..1
    Typeuri
    Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Summarytrue
    4. Observation.modifierExtension
    Definition

    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

    ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
    Comments

    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

    Control0..*
    TypeExtension
    Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
    6. Observation.status
    Definition

    The status of the result value.

    Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
    Comments

    This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

    Control1..1
    BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatushttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status
    (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status)

    Codes providing the status of an observation.

    Typecode
    Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

    8. Observation.category
    Definition

    A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

    ShortClassification of type of observation
    Comments

    In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

    Control10..*
    This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-4
    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Observation Category Codeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

    Codes for high level observation categories.

    TypeCodeableConcept
    Must Supporttrue
    Requirements

    Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

    Invariantsvs-4: Must have a category of 'vital-signs' and a code system 'http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' (where(coding.system='http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' and coding.code='vital-signs').exists())
    10. Observation.code
    Definition

    Coded Responses from C-CDA Vital Sign Results.


    Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

    ShortCoded Responses from Vital Signs ResultsType of observation (code / type)
    Control1..1
    BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see Vital Signshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
    (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

    This identifies the vital sign result type.


    Codes identifying names of simple observations.

    TypeCodeableConcept
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements
    1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] code, where the @code SHOULD be selected from ValueSet HITSP Vital Sign Result Type 2.16.840.1.113883.3.88.12.80.62 DYNAMIC (CONF:7301).

    Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

    Alternate NamesName, Gecodeerde antwoorden uit Vital Signs resultaten
    12. Observation.subject
    Definition

    The patient, or group of patients, location, or device whose characteristics (direct or indirect) are described by the observation and into whose record the observation is placed. Comments: Indirect characteristics may be those of a specimen, fetus, donor, other observer (for example a relative or EMT), or any observation made about the subject.

    ShortWho and/or what this is about
    Comments

    One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

    If the target of the observation is different than the subject, the general extension observation-focal-subject. may be used. However, the distinction between the patient's own value for an observation versus that of the fetus, or the donor or blood product unit, etc., are often specified in the observation code.

    Control10..1
    TypeReference(nl-core-patient, Patient, Group, Device, Location)
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

    14. Observation.context
    Definition

    The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

    ShortHealthcare event during which this observation is made
    Comments

    This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter or episode but still be tied to the context of the encounter or episode (e.g. pre-admission lab tests).

    Control0..1
    TypeReference(nl-core-episodeofcare, HCIM Encounter, gp-Encounter, Encounter, EpisodeOfCare)
    Requirements

    For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

    Alternate NamesEncounter
    16. Observation.effective[x]
    Definition

    Often just a dateTime for Vital Signs.


    The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

    ShortOften just a dateTime for Vital SignsClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
    Comments

    At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report.

    Control10..1
    TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period
    [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Must Supporttrue
    Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

    Alternate NamesOccurrence, Meestal slechts een datum/tijd voor Vital Signs
    18. Observation.performer
    Definition

    Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

    ShortWho is responsible for the observation
    Control10..*
    TypeReference(nl-core-practitioner, nl-core-organization, nl-core-relatedperson, nl-core-patient, Practitioner, Organization, Patient, RelatedPerson)
    Must Supporttrue
    Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

    20. Observation.performer.extension
    Definition

    An Extension


    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

    ShortExtensionAdditional Content defined by implementations
    Comments

    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

    Control0..*
    TypeExtension
    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
    • value @ url
    • 22. Observation.performer.extension:practitionerRole
      Slice NamepractitionerRole
      Definition

      Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

      ShortOptional Extensions Element
      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
      TypeExtension(PractitionerRole Reference) (Extension Type: Reference)
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      24. Observation.value[x]
      Definition

      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

      ShortActual result
      Comments

      Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. This element has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueString, valueBoolean, valueRange, valueRatio, valueSampledData, valueAttachment, valueTime, valueDateTime, or valuePeriod. (The name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

      If the data element is usually coded or if the type associated with the Observation.value defines a coded value, use CodeableConcept instead of string datatype even if the value is uncoded text. A value set is bound to the ValueCodeableConcept element. For further discussion and examples see the notes section below.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
      TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, Attachment, time, Range, CodeableConcept
      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      An observation exists to have a value, though it may not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices are unordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
      • type @ $this
      • 26. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
        Slice NamevalueQuantity
        Definition

        Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.


        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

        ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUMActual result
        Comments

        Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. This element has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueString, valueBoolean, valueRange, valueRatio, valueSampledData, valueAttachment, valueTime, valueDateTime, or valuePeriod. (The name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

        If the data element is usually coded or if the type associated with the Observation.value defines a coded value, use CodeableConcept instead of string datatype even if the value is uncoded text. A value set is bound to the ValueCodeableConcept element. For further discussion and examples see the notes section below.

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from For codes, see Vital Signs Units
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/ucum-vitals-common)

        Common UCUM units for recording Vital Signs

        TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, Attachment, time, Range, CodeableConcept
        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements
        1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).

        An observation exists to have a value, though it may not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

        Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde, vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
        28. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
        Definition

        The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

        ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
        Comments

        The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

        Control10..1
        Typedecimal
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

        30. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
        Definition

        How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

        Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
        Comments

        This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value.

        Control0..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparatorhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator)

        How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

        Typecode
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

        Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
        32. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit
        Definition

        A human-readable form of the unit.

        ShortUnit representation
        Control10..1
        Typestring
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

        34. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.system
        Definition

        The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

        ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
        Control10..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
        Typeuri
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

        Fixed Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
        36. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.code
        Definition

        Coded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.


        A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

        ShortCoded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.Coded form of the unit
        Comments

        The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

        Control10..1
        Typecode
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

        Alternate NamesGecodeerde antwoorden van de algemene UCUM-eenheden voor vital signs waardelijst.
        38. Observation.dataAbsentReason
        Definition

        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

        ShortWhy the result is missing
        Comments

        Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory". The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-2
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Value Absent Reasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason)

        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Must Supporttrue
        Requirements

        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

        40. Observation.device
        Definition

        The device used to generate the observation data.

        Short(Measurement) Device
        Comments

        An extension should be used if further typing of the device is needed. Devices used to support obtaining an observation can be represented using either an extension or through the Observation.related element.

        Control0..1
        TypeReference(HCIM MedicalDevice Product, Device, DeviceMetric)
        42. Observation.related
        Definition

        Used when reporting vital signs panel components.


        A reference to another resource (usually another Observation) whose relationship is defined by the relationship type code.

        ShortUsed when reporting vital signs panel componentsResource related to this observation
        Comments

        For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together see Notes below.

        Control0..*
        TypeBackboneElement
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Normally, an observation will have either a value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and a set of related observations or sometimes a QuestionnaireResponse from which the measure is derived.

        Alternate NamesGebruikt bij het rapporteren van vital signs panelcomponenten.
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
        ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
        44. Observation.related.modifierExtension
        Definition

        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

        ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Summarytrue
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
        46. Observation.related.type
        Definition

        A code specifying the kind of relationship that exists with the target resource.

        Shorthas-member | derived-from | sequel-to | replaces | qualified-by | interfered-by
        Comments

        The "derived-from" type is the only logical choice when referencing the QuestionnaireAnswer resource.

        Control10..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationRelationshipTypehttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-relationshiptypes
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-relationshiptypes)

        Codes specifying how two observations are related.

        Typecode
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Requirements

        A relationship type SHOULD be provided.

        Fixed Valuehas-member
        48. Observation.related.target
        Definition

        A reference to the observation or QuestionnaireResponse resource that is related to this observation.

        ShortResource that is related to this one
        Control1..1
        TypeReference(VitalSigns Profile NL, Observation, QuestionnaireResponse, Sequence)
        Must Supporttrue
        50. Observation.component
        Definition

        Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

        ShortComponent results
        Comments

        For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

        Control0..*
        TypeBackboneElement
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
        vs-3: If there is no a value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
        ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
        52. Observation.component.modifierExtension
        Definition

        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

        ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Summarytrue
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
        54. Observation.component.code
        Definition

        Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

        ShortType of component observation (code / type)
        Control1..1
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see Vital Signshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

        This identifies the vital sign result type.


        Codes identifying names of simple observations.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

        56. Observation.component.value[x]
        Definition

        Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.


        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

        ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUMActual component result
        Comments

        Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For boolean values use valueCodeableConcept and select codes from <http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/v2-0136> (these "yes/no" concepts can be mapped to the display name "true/false" or other mutually exclusive terms that may be needed"). The element, Observation.value[x], has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueRatio, valueChoice, valuePeriod, valueSampleData, or valueString (the name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-3
        TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, Range, Ratio, SampledData, Attachment, time, dateTime, Period
        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
        Summarytrue
        Requirements
        1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).

        An observation exists to have a value, though it may not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

        Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
        58. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
        Definition

        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

        ShortWhy the component result is missing
        Comments

        "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done". The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-3
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Value Absent Reasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason)

        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Must Supporttrue
        Requirements

        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

        Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

        0. Observation
        Definition

        The FHIR Vitals Signs profile sets a minimum expectations for the Observation Resource to record, search and fetch the vital signs associated with a patient.

        ShortFHIR Vital Signs Profile
        Comments

        Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as lab reports, etc.

        Control0..*
        Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests, FHIR Vital Signs profiel
        Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
        dom-1: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain any narrative (contained.text.empty())
        dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
        dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource (contained.where(('#'+id in %resource.descendants().reference).not()).empty())
        obs-7: If code is the same as a component code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where( (coding.code = %resource.code.coding.code) and (coding.system = %resource.code.coding.system)).empty())
        obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
        vs-2: If there is no component or related element then either a value[x] or a data absent reason must be present ((component.empty() and related.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason or value))
        2. Observation.id
        Definition

        The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

        ShortLogical id of this artifact
        Comments

        The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

        Control0..1
        Typeid
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        4. Observation.meta
        Definition

        The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content may not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

        ShortMetadata about the resource
        Control0..1
        TypeMeta
        Summarytrue
        6. Observation.implicitRules
        Definition

        A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content.

        ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
        Comments

        Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element.

        This element is labelled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation.

        Control0..1
        Typeuri
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        8. Observation.language
        Definition

        The base language in which the resource is written.

        ShortLanguage of the resource content
        Comments

        Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

        Control0..1
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Common Languages
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages)

        A human language.

        Additional BindingsPurpose
        AllLanguagesMax Binding
        Typecode
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        10. Observation.text
        Definition

        A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource, and may be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

        ShortText summary of the resource, for human interpretation
        Comments

        Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded in formation is added later.

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: dom-1
        TypeNarrative
        Alternate Namesnarrative, html, xhtml, display
        12. Observation.contained
        Definition

        These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

        ShortContained, inline Resources
        Comments

        This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again.

        Control0..*
        TypeResource
        Alternate Namesinline resources, anonymous resources, contained resources
        14. Observation.extension
        Definition

        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

        ShortAdditional Content defined by implementations
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
        16. Observation.modifierExtension
        Definition

        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

        ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
        18. Observation.identifier
        Definition

        A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

        ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
        NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
        Control0..*
        TypeIdentifier
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

        20. Observation.basedOn
        Definition

        A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event.

        ShortFulfills plan, proposal or order
        Control0..*
        TypeReference(CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, ProcedureRequest, ReferralRequest)
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

        Alternate NamesFulfills
        22. Observation.status
        Definition

        The status of the result value.

        Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
        Comments

        This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

        Control1..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatus
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status)

        Codes providing the status of an observation.

        Typecode
        Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

        24. Observation.category
        Definition

        A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

        ShortClassification of type of observation
        Comments

        In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

        Control1..*
        This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-4
        BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Observation Category Codes
        (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

        Codes for high level observation categories.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Must Supporttrue
        Requirements

        Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

        Invariantsvs-4: Must have a category of 'vital-signs' and a code system 'http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' (where(coding.system='http://hl7.org/fhir/observation-category' and coding.code='vital-signs').exists())
        26. Observation.code
        Definition

        Coded Responses from C-CDA Vital Sign Results.

        ShortCoded Responses from Vital Signs Results
        Control1..1
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

        This identifies the vital sign result type.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements
        1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] code, where the @code SHOULD be selected from ValueSet HITSP Vital Sign Result Type 2.16.840.1.113883.3.88.12.80.62 DYNAMIC (CONF:7301).
        Alternate NamesName, Gecodeerde antwoorden uit Vital Signs resultaten
        28. Observation.subject
        Definition

        The patient, or group of patients, location, or device whose characteristics (direct or indirect) are described by the observation and into whose record the observation is placed. Comments: Indirect characteristics may be those of a specimen, fetus, donor, other observer (for example a relative or EMT), or any observation made about the subject.

        ShortWho and/or what this is about
        Comments

        One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

        If the target of the observation is different than the subject, the general extension observation-focal-subject. may be used. However, the distinction between the patient's own value for an observation versus that of the fetus, or the donor or blood product unit, etc., are often specified in the observation code.

        Control1..1
        TypeReference(nl-core-patient)
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

        30. Observation.context
        Definition

        The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

        ShortHealthcare event during which this observation is made
        Comments

        This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter or episode but still be tied to the context of the encounter or episode (e.g. pre-admission lab tests).

        Control0..1
        TypeReference(nl-core-episodeofcare, HCIM Encounter, gp-Encounter)
        Requirements

        For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

        Alternate NamesEncounter
        32. Observation.effective[x]
        Definition

        Often just a dateTime for Vital Signs.

        ShortOften just a dateTime for Vital Signs
        Comments

        At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report.

        Control1..1
        TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period
        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

        Alternate NamesOccurrence, Meestal slechts een datum/tijd voor Vital Signs
        34. Observation.issued
        Definition

        The date and time this observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

        ShortDate/Time this was made available
        Comments

        Updated when the result is updated.

        Control0..1
        Typeinstant
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        36. Observation.performer
        Definition

        Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

        ShortWho is responsible for the observation
        Control1..*
        TypeReference(nl-core-practitioner, nl-core-organization, nl-core-relatedperson, nl-core-patient)
        Must Supporttrue
        Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

        38. Observation.performer.id
        Definition

        unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

        Shortxml:id (or equivalent in JSON)
        Control0..1
        Typestring
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
        40. Observation.performer.extension
        Definition

        An Extension

        ShortExtension
        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
        • value @ url
        • 42. Observation.performer.extension:practitionerRole
          Slice NamepractitionerRole
          Definition

          Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

          ShortOptional Extensions Element
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(PractitionerRole Reference) (Extension Type: Reference)
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          44. Observation.performer.reference
          Definition

          A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

          ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
          Comments

          Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
          Typestring
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summarytrue
          46. Observation.performer.identifier
          Definition

          An identifier for the other resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

          ShortLogical reference, when literal reference is not known
          Comments

          When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

          When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

          Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

          NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
          Control0..1
          TypeIdentifier
          Summarytrue
          48. Observation.performer.display
          Definition

          Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

          ShortText alternative for the resource
          Comments

          This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

          Control0..1
          Typestring
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summarytrue
          50. Observation.value[x]
          Definition

          The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

          ShortActual result
          Comments

          Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. This element has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueString, valueBoolean, valueRange, valueRatio, valueSampledData, valueAttachment, valueTime, valueDateTime, or valuePeriod. (The name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

          If the data element is usually coded or if the type associated with the Observation.value defines a coded value, use CodeableConcept instead of string datatype even if the value is uncoded text. A value set is bound to the ValueCodeableConcept element. For further discussion and examples see the notes section below.

          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
          TypeQuantity
          [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          An observation exists to have a value, though it may not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices are unordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
          • type @ $this
          • 52. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
            Slice NamevalueQuantity
            Definition

            Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.

            ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUM
            Comments

            Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. This element has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueString, valueBoolean, valueRange, valueRatio, valueSampledData, valueAttachment, valueTime, valueDateTime, or valuePeriod. (The name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

            If the data element is usually coded or if the type associated with the Observation.value defines a coded value, use CodeableConcept instead of string datatype even if the value is uncoded text. A value set is bound to the ValueCodeableConcept element. For further discussion and examples see the notes section below.

            Control0..1
            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
            BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs Units
            (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/ucum-vitals-common)

            Common UCUM units for recording Vital Signs

            TypeQuantity
            [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
            Must Supporttrue
            Summarytrue
            Requirements
            1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
            Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde, vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
            54. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.id
            Definition

            unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

            Shortxml:id (or equivalent in JSON)
            Control0..1
            Typestring
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
            56. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.extension
            Definition

            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

            ShortAdditional Content defined by implementations
            Comments

            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

            Control0..*
            TypeExtension
            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x].extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
            • value @ url
            • 58. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
              Definition

              The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

              ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
              Comments

              The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

              Control1..1
              Typedecimal
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

              60. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
              Definition

              How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

              Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
              Comments

              This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value.

              Control0..1
              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
              (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator)

              How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

              Typecode
              Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

              Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
              62. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit
              Definition

              A human-readable form of the unit.

              ShortUnit representation
              Control1..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

              64. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.system
              Definition

              The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

              ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
              Control1..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
              Typeuri
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

              Fixed Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
              66. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.code
              Definition

              Coded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.

              ShortCoded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.
              Comments

              The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

              Control1..1
              Typecode
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

              Alternate NamesGecodeerde antwoorden van de algemene UCUM-eenheden voor vital signs waardelijst.
              68. Observation.dataAbsentReason
              Definition

              Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

              ShortWhy the result is missing
              Comments

              Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory". The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-2
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Value Absent Reason
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason)

              Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Must Supporttrue
              Requirements

              For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

              70. Observation.interpretation
              Definition

              The assessment made based on the result of the observation. Intended as a simple compact code often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result. Otherwise known as abnormal flag.

              ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
              Control0..1
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Interpretation Codes
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

              Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Requirements

              For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

              Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
              72. Observation.comment
              Definition

              May include statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable values, or information about the source of the value where this may be relevant to the interpretation of the result.

              ShortComments about result
              Control0..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Requirements

              Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

              74. Observation.bodySite
              Definition

              Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

              ShortObserved body part
              Comments

              Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component. If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension body-site-instance.

              Control0..1
              BindingFor example codes, see SNOMED CT Body Structures
              (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/body-site)

              Codes describing anatomical locations. May include laterality.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              76. Observation.method
              Definition

              Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

              ShortHow it was done
              Comments

              Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code.

              Control0..1
              BindingFor example codes, see Observation Methods
              (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods)

              Methods for simple observations.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Requirements

              In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

              78. Observation.specimen
              Definition

              The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

              ShortSpecimen used for this observation
              Comments

              Should only be used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. Observations are not made on specimens themselves; they are made on a subject, but in many cases by the means of a specimen. Note that although specimens are often involved, they are not always tracked and reported explicitly. Also note that observation resources may be used in contexts that track the specimen explicitly (e.g. Diagnostic Report).

              Control0..1
              TypeReference(Specimen)
              80. Observation.device
              Definition

              The device used to generate the observation data.

              Short(Measurement) Device
              Comments

              An extension should be used if further typing of the device is needed. Devices used to support obtaining an observation can be represented using either an extension or through the Observation.related element.

              Control0..1
              TypeReference(HCIM MedicalDevice Product)
              82. Observation.referenceRange
              Definition

              Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

              ShortProvides guide for interpretation
              Comments

              Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this may not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

              Control0..*
              TypeBackboneElement
              Requirements

              Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
              obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
              84. Observation.referenceRange.id
              Definition

              unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

              Shortxml:id (or equivalent in JSON)
              Control0..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
              86. Observation.referenceRange.extension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

              ShortAdditional Content defined by implementations
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
              88. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

              ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
              Summarytrue
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
              90. Observation.referenceRange.low
              Definition

              The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

              ShortLow Range, if relevant
              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
              TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
              92. Observation.referenceRange.high
              Definition

              The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

              ShortHigh Range, if relevant
              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
              TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
              94. Observation.referenceRange.type
              Definition

              Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

              ShortReference range qualifier
              Comments

              This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

              Control0..1
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Reference Range Meaning Codes
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

              Code for the meaning of a reference range.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Requirements

              Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc, - for proper interpretation.

              96. Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo
              Definition

              Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race.

              ShortReference range population
              Comments

              This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

              Control0..*
              BindingFor example codes, see Observation Reference Range Applies To Codes
              (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

              Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Requirements

              Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

              98. Observation.referenceRange.age
              Definition

              The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

              ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
              Control0..1
              TypeRange
              Requirements

              Some analytes vary greatly over age.

              100. Observation.referenceRange.text
              Definition

              Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of 'normals'.

              ShortText based reference range in an observation
              Control0..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              102. Observation.related
              Definition

              Used when reporting vital signs panel components.

              ShortUsed when reporting vital signs panel components
              Comments

              For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together see Notes below.

              Control0..*
              TypeBackboneElement
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Normally, an observation will have either a value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and a set of related observations or sometimes a QuestionnaireResponse from which the measure is derived.

              Alternate NamesGebruikt bij het rapporteren van vital signs panelcomponenten.
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
              104. Observation.related.id
              Definition

              unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

              Shortxml:id (or equivalent in JSON)
              Control0..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
              106. Observation.related.extension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

              ShortAdditional Content defined by implementations
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
              108. Observation.related.modifierExtension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

              ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
              Summarytrue
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
              110. Observation.related.type
              Definition

              A code specifying the kind of relationship that exists with the target resource.

              Shorthas-member | derived-from | sequel-to | replaces | qualified-by | interfered-by
              Comments

              The "derived-from" type is the only logical choice when referencing the QuestionnaireAnswer resource.

              Control1..1
              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationRelationshipType
              (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-relationshiptypes)

              Codes specifying how two observations are related.

              Typecode
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Requirements

              A relationship type SHOULD be provided.

              Fixed Valuehas-member
              112. Observation.related.target
              Definition

              A reference to the observation or QuestionnaireResponse resource that is related to this observation.

              ShortResource that is related to this one
              Control1..1
              TypeReference(VitalSigns Profile NL)
              Must Supporttrue
              114. Observation.component
              Definition

              Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

              ShortComponent results
              Comments

              For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

              Control0..*
              TypeBackboneElement
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() | (children().count() > id.count()))
              vs-3: If there is no a value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
              116. Observation.component.id
              Definition

              unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

              Shortxml:id (or equivalent in JSON)
              Control0..1
              Typestring
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
              118. Observation.component.extension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

              ShortAdditional Content defined by implementations
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
              120. Observation.component.modifierExtension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

              ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Is Modifiertrue because No Modifier Reason provideed in previous versions of FHIR
              Summarytrue
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
              122. Observation.component.code
              Definition

              Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

              ShortType of component observation (code / type)
              Control1..1
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Vital Signs
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

              This identifies the vital sign result type.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

              124. Observation.component.value[x]
              Definition

              Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.

              ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUM
              Comments

              Normally, an observation will have either a single value or a set of related observations. A few observations (e.g. Apgar score) may have both a value and related observations (for an Apgar score, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For boolean values use valueCodeableConcept and select codes from <http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/v2-0136> (these "yes/no" concepts can be mapped to the display name "true/false" or other mutually exclusive terms that may be needed"). The element, Observation.value[x], has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept, valueRatio, valueChoice, valuePeriod, valueSampleData, or valueString (the name format is "'value' + the type name" with a capital on the first letter of the type).

              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-3
              TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, Range, Ratio, SampledData, Attachment, time, dateTime, Period
              [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
              Summarytrue
              Requirements
              1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
              Alternate NamesVital Sign waarde vastgelegd op basis van UCUM-eenheid
              126. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
              Definition

              Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

              ShortWhy the component result is missing
              Comments

              "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done". The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-3
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Value Absent Reason
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-valueabsentreason)

              Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Must Supporttrue
              Requirements

              For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

              128. Observation.component.interpretation
              Definition

              The assessment made based on the result of the observation. Intended as a simple compact code often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result. Otherwise known as abnormal flag.

              ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
              Comments

              The component interpretation applies only to the individual component value. For an overall interpretation all components together use thes Observation.interpretation element.

              Control0..1
              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Observation Interpretation Codes
              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

              Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Requirements

              For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

              Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
              130. Observation.component.referenceRange
              Definition

              Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

              ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
              Comments

              Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this may not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

              Control0..*
              TypeSee ttp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
              Requirements

              Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.